Ubinas

Ubinas is an active stratovolcano in the Moquegua Region of southern Peru, approximately 60 kilometres east of the city of Arequipa. Part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it rises 5,672 metres above sea level. The volcano's summit is cut by a 1.4-kilometre-wide and 150-metre-deep caldera, which itself contains a smaller crater. Below the summit, Ubinas has the shape of an upwards-steepening cone with a prominent notch on the southern side. The gently sloping lower part of the volcano is also known as Ubinas I and the steeper upper part as Ubinas II; they represent different stages in the volcano's geological history.

The most active volcano in Peru, Ubinas has a history of small to moderate explosive eruptions as well as a few larger eruptions, such as in 1667, along with persistent degassing and ash emissions. Activity at the volcano began in the Pleistocene epoch, and led to the growth of the current mountain in two phases.